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Vietnam
Background :
The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat by Communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into the Communist North and anti-Communist South. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under Communist rule. Despite the return of peace, for over a decade the country experienced little economic growth because of conservative leadership policies, the persecution and mass exodus of individuals - many of them successful South Vietnamese merchants - and growing international isolation. However, since the enactment of Vietnam's "doi moi" (renovation) policy in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have committed to increased economic liberalization and enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The country continues to experience small-scale protests from various groups, the vast majority connected to land-use issues and the lack of equitable mechanisms for resolving disputes. Various ethnic minorities, such as the Montagnards of the Central Highlands and the Khmer Krom in the southern delta region, have also held protests. In January 2008, Vietnam assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008-09 term.
Location :
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia
Geographic Coordinates Center :
16 10 N, 107 50 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 102.15 |
| North | 23.39 |
| East | 109.46 |
| South | 8.56 |
Map references :
Asia
Area :
| total | 331 210 | square km |
| land | 310 070 | square km |
| water | 21 140 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 4 639 | km |
| Cambodia (kh) | 1 228 | km |
| China (cn) | 1 281 | km |
| Laos (la) | 2 130 | km |
Coastline :
3444.00 km
Climate :
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Terrain :
low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 0 | metres |
| highest point | 3 144 | metres |
Natural resources :
| bauxite | chromate |
| coal | forests |
| hydropower | manganese |
| offshore oil and gas deposits | phosphates |
Land use :
| arable land | 20.14 | % |
| permanent crops | 6.93 | % |
| other | 72.93 | % |
Irrigated land :
30 000 square km
Total renewable water resources :
891 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| flooding | typhoons |
current issues :
logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
international agreements :
| Biodiversity | Climate Change |
| Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | Desertification |
| Endangered Species | Environmental Modification |
| Hazardous Wastes | Law of the Sea |
| Ozone Layer Protection | Ship Pollution |
| Wetlands |
Population :
88 576 758
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 1.14 | % |
| Birth rate | 17.73 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 1.98 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 5.98 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | -0.38 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 26.10 | % |
| 15-64 years | 68.30 | % |
| 65 years and over | 5.60 | % |
Median age :
| total | 27.40 | years |
| male | 26.40 | years |
| female | 28.50 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.07 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.08 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 0.99 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.63 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 0.98 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 22.26 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 71.71 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 69.24 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 74.45 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.50 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 290 000 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 24 000 |
Religions :
| Buddhist | 9.30 | % |
| Catholic | 6.70 | % |
| Hoa Hao | 1.50 | % |
| Cao Dai | 1.10 | % |
| Protestant | 0.50 | % |
| Muslim | 0.10 | % |
| none | 80.80 | % |
Languages :
| Vietnamese | |
| English | |
| French | |
| Chinese | |
| Khmer |
Literacy :
| total population | 90.30 | % |
| male | 93.90 | % |
| female | 86.90 | % |
Country name :
| conventional long form | Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| conventional short form | Vietnam |
| local long form | Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam |
| local short form | Viet Nam |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | VN |
| ISO Numeric | 704 |
| ISO3 | VNM |
| FIPS | VM |
| ccTLD | vn |
| English | Vietnam |
Administrative divisions :
58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thanh pho, singular and plural)||provinces:|An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai||municipalities:|Can Tho, Da Nang, Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City
Capital :
| name | Hanoi |
| geographic coordinates | 21 02 N, 105 51 E |
| time difference | 7.00 |
International organization participation :
| ADB | APEC |
| APT | ARF |
| ASEAN | CICA (observer) |
| CP | EAS |
| FAO | G-77 |
| IAEA | IBRD |
| ICAO | ICRM |
| IDA | IFAD |
| IFC | IFRCS |
| ILO | IMF |
| IMO | IMSO |
| IOC | IOM |
| IPU | ISO |
| ITSO | ITU |
| Interpol | MIGA |
| NAM | OIF |
| OPCW | UN |
| UNCTAD | UNESCO |
| UNIDO | UNWTO |
| UPU | WCO |
| WFTU | WHO |
| WIPO | WMO |
| WTO |
Independence :
1945-09-02
National holiday :
Independence Day
1945-09-02
Executive branch :
| President Nguyen Minh TRIET | Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 258 200 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 91 760 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | 5.30 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 2 900 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 20.70 | % |
| industry | 40.30 | % |
| services | 39.10 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 51.80 | % |
| industry | 15.40 | % |
| services | 32.70 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 43 870 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 2.90 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 12.30 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 37.00 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 6.90 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 42.50 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | - 9 170 000 000 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 15 100 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 31 000 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | 7 700 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | 47 370 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 9 589 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 2.50 | % of GDP |
| Public debt | 52.30 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 3.10 | % |
| highest 10% | 29.80 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 21 890 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 30 420 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| bananas | cashews |
| coffee | cotton |
| fish | paddy rice |
| peanuts | pepper |
| poultry | rubber |
| seafood | soya |
| sugarcane | tea |
Industries :
| cement | chemical fertilizer |
| coal | food processing |
| garments | glass |
| machine building | mining |
| oil | paper |
| shoes | steel |
| tires |
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 86 900 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 74 500 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 535 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 3 850 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 305 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 276 400 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 29 400 | bbl/day |
| Oil Imports | 134 200 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 4 000 000 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 7 900 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 8 100 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Imports | 380 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 610 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
56 550 000 000 $
Partners :
| United States (us) | 18.90 | % |
| Japan (jp) | 13.60 | % |
| China (cn) | 7.20 | % |
| Australia (au) | 6.70 | % |
| Singapore (sg) | 4.20 | % |
Commodities :
| coffee | crude oil |
| garments | marine products |
| rice | rubber |
| shoes | tea |
Value :
68 800 000 000 $
Partners :
| China (cn) | 22.40 | % |
| Singapore (sg) | 13.40 | % |
| Tawian | 12.00 | % |
| South Korea | 10.10 | % |
| Thailand (th) | 7.00 | % |
Commodities :
| cement | fertilizer |
| grain | machinery and equipment |
| motorcycles | petroleum products |
| raw cotton | steel products |
Currency-code :
VND
Currency-name :
dong
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 29 591 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 70 000 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 7 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 67 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | vn | |
| Internet Hosts | 170 689 | |
| Internet Users | 20 834 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 37 | |
| Heliports | 1 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 42 | km |
| Pipelines - refined products | 206 | km |
| Roadways - total | 222 179 | km |
| Roadways - paved | 42 167 | km |
| Roadways - unpaved | 180 012 | km |
| Railways | 2 347 | km |
| Waterways | 17 702 | km |
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