* βeta
India
Background :
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually brought about independence in 1947. Communal violence led to the subcontinent's bloody partition, which resulted in the creation of two separate states, India and Pakistan. The two countries have fought three wars since independence, the last of which in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, rapid economic development is fueling India's rise on the world stage.
Location :
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic Coordinates Center :
20 00 N, 77 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 68.19 |
| North | 35.50 |
| East | 97.40 |
| South | 6.75 |
Map references :
Asia
Area :
| total | 3 287 263 | square km |
| land | 2 973 193 | square km |
| water | 314 070 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 14 103 | km |
| Bangladesh (bd) | 4 053 | km |
| Bhutan (bt) | 605 | km |
| Burma | 1 463 | km |
| China (cn) | 3 380 | km |
| Nepal (np) | 1 690 | km |
| Pakistan (pk) | 2 912 | km |
Coastline :
7000.00 km
Climate :
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain :
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 0 | metres |
| highest point | 8 598 | metres |
Natural resources :
| arable land | bauxite |
| chromite | coal |
| diamonds | iron ore |
| limestone | manganese |
| mica | natural gas |
| petroleum | titanium ore |
Land use :
| arable land | 48.83 | % |
| permanent crops | 2.80 | % |
| other | 48.37 | % |
Irrigated land :
558 080 square km
Total renewable water resources :
1 907 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| destructive flooding | droughts |
| earthquakes | floods |
| monsoonal rains | torms |
current issues :
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
international agreements :
| Antarctic Treaty | Antarctic-Environmental Protocol |
| Antarctic-Marine Living Resources | Biodiversity |
| Climate Change | Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
| Desertification | Endangered Species |
| Environmental Modification | Hazardous Wastes |
| Law of the Sea | Ozone Layer Protection |
| Ship Pollution | Tropical Timber 83 |
| Tropical Timber 94 | Wetlands |
| Whaling |
Population :
1 156 897 766
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 1.41 | % |
| Birth rate | 21.72 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 2.68 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 7.60 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | -0.05 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 30.50 | % |
| 15-64 years | 64.30 | % |
| 65 years and over | 5.20 | % |
Median age :
| total | 25.30 | years |
| male | 24.90 | years |
| female | 25.80 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.12 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.10 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 1.06 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.90 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 1.06 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 50.78 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 66.09 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 65.13 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 67.17 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.30 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 2 400 000 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 310 000 |
Religions :
| Hindu | 80.50 | % |
| Muslim | 13.40 | % |
| Christian | 2.30 | % |
| Sikh | 1.90 | % |
| other | 1.80 | % |
| unspecified | 0.10 | % |
Languages :
| Hindi | 41.00 | % |
| Bengali | 8.10 | % |
| Telugu | 7.20 | % |
| Marathi | 7.00 | % |
| Tamil | 5.90 | % |
| Urdu | 5.00 | % |
| Gujarati | 4.50 | % |
| Kannada | 3.70 | % |
| Malayalam | 3.20 | % |
| Oriya | 3.20 | % |
| Punjabi | 2.80 | % |
| Assamese | 1.30 | % |
| Maithili | 1.20 | % |
Literacy :
| total population | 61.00 | % |
| male | 73.40 | % |
| female | 47.80 | % |
Country name :
| conventional long form | Republic of India |
| conventional short form | India |
| local long form | Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya |
| local short form | India/Bharat |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | IN |
| ISO Numeric | 356 |
| ISO3 | IND |
| FIPS | IN |
| ccTLD | in |
| English | India |
Administrative divisions :
28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal
Capital :
| name | New Delhi |
| geographic coordinates | 28 36 N, 77 12 E |
| time difference | 5.50 |
International organization participation :
| ADB | ARF |
| ASEAN (dialogue partner) | AfDB (nonregional member) |
| BIMSTEC | BIS |
| C | CERN (observer) |
| CICA | CP |
| EAS | FAO |
| G-15 | G-20 |
| G-24 | G-77 |
| IAEA | IBRD |
| ICAO | ICC |
| ICRM | IDA |
| IFAD | IFC |
| IFRCS | IHO |
| ILO | IMF |
| IMO | IMSO |
| IOC | IOM |
| IPU | ISO |
| ITSO | ITU |
| ITUC | Interpol |
| LAS (observer) | MIGA |
| MONUC | NAM |
| OAS (observer) | OPCW |
| PCA | PIF (partner) |
| SAARC | SACEP |
| SCO (observer) | UN |
| UNCTAD | UNDOF |
| UNESCO | UNHCR |
| UNIDO | UNIFIL |
| UNITAR | UNMIS |
| UNMIT | UNOCI |
| UNWTO | UPU |
| WCO | WFTU |
| WHO | WIPO |
| WMO | WTO |
Independence :
1947-08-15
National holiday :
Republic Day
1950-01-26
Executive branch :
| President Pratibha PATIL | Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 3 561 000 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 1 095 000 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | 6.50 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 3 100 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 15.80 | % |
| industry | 25.80 | % |
| services | 58.40 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 17.50 | % |
| industry | 20.00 | % |
| services | 62.60 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 467 000 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 10.70 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 25.00 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 36.80 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 10.70 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 32.10 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | - 8 398 999 999 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 287 500 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 223 900 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | 77 420 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | 161 300 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 645 500 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 2.50 | % of GDP |
| Public debt | 59.60 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 3.60 | % |
| highest 10% | 31.10 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 129 900 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 237 200 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| cotton | dairy |
| fish | goats |
| jute | lentils |
| oilseed | onions |
| potatoes | poultry |
| rice | sheep |
| sugarcane | tea |
| wheat |
Industries :
| cement | chemicals |
| food processing | machinery |
| mining | petroleum |
| pharmaceuticals | software |
| steel | textiles |
| transportation equipment |
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 723 800 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 568 000 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 810 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 5 270 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 3 720 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 2 670 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 738 600 | bbl/day |
| Oil Imports | 2 900 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 5 625 000 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 32 850 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 42 990 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Imports | 10 790 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 1 075 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
165 000 000 000 $
Partners :
| UAE | 12.30 | % |
| United States (us) | 11.70 | % |
| China (cn) | 5.40 | % |
| Singapore (sg) | 4.50 | % |
Commodities :
| apparel | chemicals |
| iron and steel | machinery |
| petroleum products | precious stones |
| vehicles |
Value :
253 900 000 000 $
Partners :
| China (cn) | 10.80 | % |
| Saudi Arabia (sa) | 6.90 | % |
| United States (us) | 6.70 | % |
| UAE | 6.70 | % |
| Iran (ir) | 4.20 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | fertilizer |
| iron and steel | machinery |
| petroleum | precious stones |
Currency-code :
INR
Currency-name :
Indian rupee
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 36 760 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 545 000 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 171 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 1 400 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | in | |
| Internet Hosts | 3 611 000 | |
| Internet Users | 81 000 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 250 | |
| Heliports | 37 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 2 | km |
| Pipelines - oil | 7 659 | km |
| Pipelines - refined products | 7 201 | km |
| Pipelines - liquid petroleum gas | 2 163 | km |
| Roadways - total | 3 320 410 | km |
| Roadways - expressways | 200 | km |
| Railways | 64 015 | km |
| Waterways | 14 500 | km |
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