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Mongolia
Background :
The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more Mongols live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party. The prime minister and most cabinet members are MPRP members.
Location :
Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Geographic Coordinates Center :
46 00 N, 105 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 87.75 |
| North | 52.15 |
| East | 119.92 |
| South | 41.57 |
Map references :
Asia
Area :
| total | 1 564 116 | square km |
| land | 1 553 556 | square km |
| water | 10 560 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 8 220 | km |
| China (cn) | 4 677 | km |
| Russia (ru) | 3 543 | km |
Coastline :
0.00 km
Climate :
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain :
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 518 | metres |
| highest point | 4 374 | metres |
Natural resources :
| coal | copper |
| fluorspar | gold |
| iron | molybdenum |
| nickel | oil |
| phosphates | silver |
| tin | tungsten |
| zinc |
Land use :
| arable land | 0.76 | % |
| permanent crops | 0.00 | % |
| other | 99.24 | % |
Irrigated land :
840 square km
Total renewable water resources :
34 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| dust storms |
current issues :
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment
international agreements :
| Biodiversity | Climate Change |
| Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | Desertification |
| Endangered Species | Environmental Modification |
| Hazardous Wastes | Law of the Sea |
| Ozone Layer Protection | Ship Pollution |
| Wetlands | Whaling |
Population :
3 041 142
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 1.49 | % |
| Birth rate | 21.05 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 2.23 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 6.12 | deaths/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 28.10 | % |
| 15-64 years | 67.90 | % |
| 65 years and over | 4.00 | % |
Median age :
| total | 25.30 | years |
| male | 24.90 | years |
| female | 25.70 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.04 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 1.00 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.77 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 1.00 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 39.88 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 67.65 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 65.23 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 70.19 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.10 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 500 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 200 |
Religions :
| Buddhist Lamaist | 50.00 | % |
| Shamanist and Christian | 6.00 | % |
| Muslim | 4.00 | % |
| none | 40.00 | % |
Languages :
| Khalkha Mongol | 90.00 | % |
| Turkic | ||
| Russian |
Literacy :
| total population | 97.80 | % |
| male | 98.00 | % |
| female | 97.50 | % |
Country name :
| conventional short form | Mongolia |
| local short form | Mongol Uls |
| former | Outer Mongolia |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | MN |
| ISO Numeric | 496 |
| ISO3 | MNG |
| FIPS | MG |
| ccTLD | mn |
| English | Mongolia |
Administrative divisions :
21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Capital :
| name | Ulaanbaatar |
| geographic coordinates | 47 55 N, 106 55 E |
| time difference | 8.00 |
International organization participation :
| ADB | ARF |
| CICA | CP |
| EBRD | FAO |
| G-77 | IAEA |
| IBRD | ICAO |
| ICCt | ICRM |
| IDA | IFAD |
| IFC | IFRCS |
| ILO | IMF |
| IMO | IOC |
| IOM | IPU |
| ISO | ITSO |
| ITU | ITUC |
| Interpol | MIGA |
| MINURCAT | MINURSO |
| MONUC | NAM |
| OPCW | OSCE (partner) |
| SCO (observer) | UN |
| UNCTAD | UNESCO |
| UNIDO | UNMIL |
| UNMIS | UNWTO |
| UPU | WCO |
| WFTU | WHO |
| WIPO | WMO |
| WTO |
Independence :
1921-07-11
National holiday :
Independence Day
1921-07-11
Executive branch :
| President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ | Prime Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 9 459 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 4 205 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | -1.60 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 3 400 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 21.20 | % |
| industry | 29.50 | % |
| services | 49.30 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 34.00 | % |
| industry | 5.00 | % |
| services | 61.00 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 1 068 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 2.80 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 36.10 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 32.80 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 4.20 | % |
| Current account balance | - 228 700 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 1 860 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 412 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 1.40 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 2.90 | % |
| highest 10% | 24.90 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 1 380 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 1 600 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| barley | camels |
| cattle | forage crops |
| goats | horses |
| sheep | vegetables |
| wheat |
Industries :
| beverages | cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing |
| construction and construction materials | copper |
| fluorspar | food |
| gold | mining |
| molybdenum | oil |
| processing of animal products | tin |
| tungsten |
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 4 030 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 3 439 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 21 200 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 186 100 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 5 100 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 15 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 5 300 | bbl/day |
Value :
1 902 000 000 $
Partners :
| China (cn) | 64.50 | % |
| Canada (ca) | 6.90 | % |
| United Kingdom (gb) | 6.50 | % |
| Luxembourg (lu) | 6.40 | % |
| United States (us) | 4.50 | % |
Commodities :
| animal products | apparel |
| cashmere | coal |
| copper | fluorspar |
| hides | livestock |
| metals | wool |
Value :
2 130 999 999 $
Partners :
| Russia (ru) | 38.40 | % |
| China (cn) | 27.80 | % |
| Japan (jp) | 7.40 | % |
| South Korea | 6.00 | % |
Commodities :
| automobiles | building materials |
| chemicals | food products |
| fuels | industrial consumer products |
| machinery and equipment | sugar |
| tea |
Currency-code :
MNT
Currency-name :
togrog/tugrik
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 165 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 1 796 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 108 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 99 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | mn | |
| Internet Hosts | 524 | |
| Internet Users | 330 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 14 | |
| Heliports | 1 | |
| Roadways - total | 49 250 | km |
| Roadways - expressways | 1 994 | km |
| Roadways - paved | 2 824 | km |
| Roadways - unpaved | 46 426 | km |
| Railways | 1 810 | km |
| Waterways | 580 | km |
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