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Egypt
Background :
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
Location :
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Geographic Coordinates Center :
27 00 N, 30 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 24.70 |
| North | 31.67 |
| East | 35.79 |
| South | 21.73 |
Map references :
Africa
Area :
| total | 1 001 450 | square km |
| land | 995 450 | square km |
| water | 6 000 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 2 665 | km |
| Gaza Strip | 11 | km |
| Israel (il) | 266 | km |
| Libya (ly) | 1 115 | km |
| Sudan (sd) | 1 273 | km |
Coastline :
2450.00 km
Climate :
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Terrain :
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 133 | metres |
| highest point | 2 629 | metres |
Natural resources :
| asbestos | gypsum |
| iron ore | lead |
| limestone | manganese |
| natural gas | petroleum |
| phosphates | talc |
| zinc |
Land use :
| arable land | 2.92 | % |
| permanent crops | 0.50 | % |
| other | 96.58 | % |
Irrigated land :
34 220 square km
Total renewable water resources :
86 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| dust storms | floods |
| frequent earthquakes | lides |
| periodic droughts | torms |
current issues :
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
international agreements :
| Biodiversity | Climate Change |
| Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | Desertification |
| Endangered Species | Environmental Modification |
| Hazardous Wastes | Law of the Sea |
| Marine Dumping | Ozone Layer Protection |
| Ship Pollution | Tropical Timber 83 |
| Tropical Timber 94 | Wetlands |
Population :
78 866 635
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 2.03 | % |
| Birth rate | 25.43 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 3.05 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 4.88 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | -0.21 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 33.00 | % |
| 15-64 years | 62.70 | % |
| 65 years and over | 4.30 | % |
Median age :
| total | 24.80 | years |
| male | 24.40 | years |
| female | 25.20 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 1.02 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.74 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 1.02 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 27.26 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 72.12 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 69.56 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 74.81 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.10 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 9 200 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 500 |
Religions :
| Muslim | 90.00 | % |
| Coptic | 9.00 | % |
| other Christian | 1.00 | % |
Languages :
| Arabic | |
| English | |
| French widely understood by educated classes |
Literacy :
| total population | 71.40 | % |
| male | 83.00 | % |
| female | 59.40 | % |
Country name :
| conventional long form | Arab Republic of Egypt |
| conventional short form | Egypt |
| local long form | Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah |
| local short form | Misr |
| former | United Arab Republic |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | EG |
| ISO Numeric | 818 |
| ISO3 | EGY |
| FIPS | EG |
| ccTLD | eg |
| English | Egypt |
Administrative divisions :
26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah (El Beheira), Al Fayyum (El Faiyum), Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah (El Monofia), Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf (Beni Suef), Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh (Western Desert), Qina (Qena), Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj (Sohag)
Capital :
| name | Cairo |
| geographic coordinates | 30 03 N, 31 15 E |
| time difference | 2.00 |
| daylight saving time | 1 |
International organization participation :
| ABEDA | ACCT |
| AFESD | AMF |
| AU | AfDB |
| BSEC (observer) | CAEU |
| CICA | COMESA |
| D-8 | EBRD |
| FAO | G-15 |
| G-24 | G-77 |
| IAEA | IBRD |
| ICAO | ICC |
| ICCt (signatory) | ICRM |
| IDA | IDB |
| IFAD | IFC |
| IFRCS | IHO |
| ILO | IMF |
| IMO | IMSO |
| IOC | IOM |
| IPU | ISO |
| ITSO | ITU |
| Interpol | LAS |
| MIGA | MINURCAT |
| MINURSO | MONUC |
| NAM | OAPEC |
| OAS (observer) | OIC |
| OIF | OSCE (partner) |
| PCA | UN |
| UNAMID | UNCTAD |
| UNESCO | UNHCR |
| UNIDO | UNMIL |
| UNMIS | UNOCI |
| UNRWA | UNWTO |
| UPU | WCO |
| WFTU | WHO |
| WIPO | WMO |
| WTO |
Independence :
1922-02-28
National holiday :
Revolution Day
1952-07-23
Executive branch :
| President Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK | Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed NAZIF |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 470 400 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 188 000 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | 4.50 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 6 000 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 13.10 | % |
| industry | 37.70 | % |
| services | 49.20 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 32.00 | % |
| industry | 17.00 | % |
| services | 51.00 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 25 800 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 9.70 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 20.00 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 34.40 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 10.10 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 17.90 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | - 3 320 000 000 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 34 990 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 28 450 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | 12 230 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | 66 430 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 85 890 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 3.40 | % of GDP |
| Public debt | 79.80 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 3.90 | % |
| highest 10% | 27.60 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 48 860 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 61 610 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| beans | cattle |
| corn | cotton |
| fruits | goats |
| rice | sheep |
| vegetables | water buffalo |
| wheat |
Industries :
| cement | chemicals |
| construction | food processing |
| hydrocarbons | light manufactures |
| metals | pharmaceuticals |
| textiles | tourism |
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 118 400 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 104 100 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 814 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 251 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 630 600 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 697 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 155 200 | bbl/day |
| Oil Imports | 146 200 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 3 700 000 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 48 300 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 31 380 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Exports | 16 920 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 1 656 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
22 910 000 000 $
Partners :
| Italy (it) | 9.50 | % |
| United States (us) | 7.10 | % |
| Spain (es) | 6.20 | % |
| India (in) | 6.00 | % |
| Syria (sy) | 4.70 | % |
| Saudi Arabia (sa) | 4.60 | % |
| Japan (jp) | 4.50 | % |
| Germany (de) | 4.50 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | cotton |
| crude oil and petroleum products | metal products |
| textiles |
Value :
43 980 000 000 $
Partners :
| United States (us) | 10.20 | % |
| China (cn) | 9.90 | % |
| Italy (it) | 7.30 | % |
| Germany (de) | 6.80 | % |
| Saudi Arabia (sa) | 4.80 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | foodstuffs |
| fuels | machinery and equipment |
| wood products |
Currency-code :
EGP
Currency-name :
Egyptian pound
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 12 011 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 41 272 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 11 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 98 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | eg | |
| Internet Hosts | 177 443 | |
| Internet Users | 11 414 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 72 | |
| Heliports | 6 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 13 | km |
| Pipelines - oil | 4 319 | km |
| Pipelines - condensate | 320 | km |
| Pipelines - refined products | 895 | km |
| Pipelines - liquid petroleum gas | 956 | km |
| Roadways - total | 92 370 | km |
| Roadways - paved | 74 820 | km |
| Roadways - unpaved | 17 550 | km |
| Railways | 5 063 | km |
| Waterways | 3 500 | km |
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