* βeta
Kazakhstan
Background :
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states combined, largely due to the country's vast natural resources and a recent history of political stability. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a sustainable economic growth; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's competitiveness; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.
Location :
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Zhayyq) River in eastern-most Europe
Geographic Coordinates Center :
48 00 N, 68 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 46.49 |
| North | 55.45 |
| East | 87.31 |
| South | 40.94 |
Map references :
Asia
Area :
| total | 2 724 900 | square km |
| land | 2 699 700 | square km |
| water | 25 200 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 12 185 | km |
| China (cn) | 1 533 | km |
| Kyrgyzstan (kg) | 1 224 | km |
| Russia (ru) | 6 846 | km |
| Turkmenistan (tm) | 379 | km |
| Uzbekistan (uz) | 2 203 | km |
Coastline :
0.00 km
Climate :
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain :
vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 132 | metres |
| highest point | 6 995 | metres |
Natural resources :
| bauxite | chrome ore |
| coal | cobalt |
| copper | gold |
| iron ore | lead |
| major deposits of petroleum | manganese |
| molybdenum | natural gas |
| nickel | uranium |
| zinc |
Land use :
| arable land | 8.28 | % |
| permanent crops | 0.05 | % |
| other | 91.67 | % |
Irrigated land :
35 560 square km
Total renewable water resources :
109 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| earthquakes | mudslides |
current issues :
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
international agreements :
| Air Pollution | Biodiversity |
| Climate Change | Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
| Desertification | Endangered Species |
| Environmental Modification | Hazardous Wastes |
| Ozone Layer Protection | Ship Pollution |
| Wetlands |
Population :
15 399 437
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 0.39 | % |
| Birth rate | 16.60 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 1.88 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 9.39 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | -3.30 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 21.80 | % |
| 15-64 years | 70.20 | % |
| 65 years and over | 7.90 | % |
Median age :
| total | 29.60 | years |
| male | 28.10 | years |
| female | 31.30 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.06 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.04 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 0.95 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.54 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 0.93 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 25.73 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 67.87 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 62.58 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 73.47 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.10 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 12 000 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 500 |
Religions :
| Muslim | 47.00 | % |
| Orthodox | 44.00 | % |
| Protestant | 2.00 | % |
| other | 7.00 | % |
Languages :
| Kazakh | 64.40 | % |
| Russian | 95.00 | % |
Literacy :
| total population | 99.50 | % |
| male | 99.80 | % |
| female | 99.30 | % |
Country name :
| conventional long form | Republic of Kazakhstan |
| conventional short form | Kazakhstan |
| local long form | Qazaqstan Respublikasy |
| local short form | Qazaqstan |
| former | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | KZ |
| ISO Numeric | 398 |
| ISO3 | KAZ |
| FIPS | KZ |
| ccTLD | kz |
| English | Kazakhstan |
Administrative divisions :
14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)|
Capital :
| name | Astana |
| geographic coordinates | 51 10 N, 71 25 E |
| time difference | 6.00 |
International organization participation :
| ADB | CICA |
| CIS | CSTO |
| EAEC | EAPC |
| EBRD | ECO |
| FAO | GCTU |
| IAEA | IBRD |
| ICAO | ICRM |
| IDA | IDB |
| IFAD | IFC |
| IFRCS | ILO |
| IMF | IMO |
| IOC | IOM |
| IPU | ISO |
| ITSO | ITU |
| Interpol | MIGA |
| NAM (observer) | NSG |
| OAS (observer) | OIC |
| OPCW | OSCE |
| PFP | SCO |
| UN | UNCTAD |
| UNESCO | UNIDO |
| UNWTO | UPU |
| WCO | WFTU |
| WHO | WIPO |
| WMO | WTO (observer) |
| ZC |
Independence :
1991-12-16
National holiday :
Independence Day
1991-12-16
Executive branch :
| President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV | Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV |
Legislative branch :
| Nur-Otan | 88.10 | % |
| NSDP | 4.60 | % |
| Ak Zhol | 3.30 | % |
| Auyl | 1.60 | % |
| Communist People's Party | 1.30 | % |
| Patriots Party . | 8.00 | % |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 175 100 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 107 000 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | -1.80 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 11 400 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 6.40 | % |
| industry | 38.10 | % |
| services | 55.50 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 31.50 | % |
| industry | 18.40 | % |
| services | 50.00 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 8 700 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 6.30 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 12.10 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 28.80 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7.30 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 31.90 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | - 2 800 000 000 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 23 210 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 93 210 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | 3 617 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | 63 630 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 31 080 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 0.90 | % of GDP |
| Public debt | 14.00 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 3.30 | % |
| highest 10% | 26.50 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 18 980 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 22 440 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| cotton | grain |
| livestock |
Industries :
| bauxite | chromite |
| coal | construction materials |
| copper | electric motors |
| gold | iron |
| iron ore | lead |
| manganese | oil |
| phosphates | silver |
| steel | sulfur |
| titanium | tractors and other agricultural machinery |
| zinc |
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 78 400 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 77 900 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 3 617 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 1 940 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 1 528 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 239 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 1 345 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Imports | 164 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 30 000 000 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 35 610 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 33 680 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Exports | 17 660 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Imports | 3 720 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 2 407 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
41 640 000 000 $
Partners :
| China (cn) | 13.40 | % |
| Russia (ru) | 11.10 | % |
| Germany (de) | 10.60 | % |
| Italy (it) | 6.90 | % |
| Romania (ro) | 6.60 | % |
| France (fr) | 5.70 | % |
| Ukraine (ua) | 5.40 | % |
| Turkey (tr) | 4.10 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | coal |
| ferrous and non-ferrous metals | grain |
| machinery | meat |
| oil and oil products | wool |
Value :
25 150 000 000 $
Partners :
| Russia (ru) | 34.00 | % |
| China (cn) | 25.00 | % |
| Germany (de) | 6.20 | % |
| Ukraine (ua) | 4.70 | % |
Commodities :
| foodstuffs | machinery and equipment |
| metal products |
Currency-code :
KZT
Currency-name :
tenge
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 3 410 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 14 911 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 18 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 12 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | kz | |
| Internet Hosts | 48 873 | |
| Internet Users | 2 300 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 67 | |
| Heliports | 4 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 11 146 | km |
| Pipelines - oil | 10 376 | km |
| Pipelines - condensate | 658 | km |
| Pipelines - refined products | 1 095 | km |
| Roadways - total | 93 612 | km |
| Railways | 15 082 | km |
| Waterways | 4 000 | km |
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