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Turkey
Background :
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO; it holds a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council during 2009-10. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community. Over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy; it began accession membership talks with the European Union in 2005.
Location :
Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic Coordinates Center :
39 00 N, 35 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 25.67 |
| North | 42.11 |
| East | 44.84 |
| South | 35.82 |
Map references :
Middle East
Area :
| total | 783 562 | square km |
| land | 769 632 | square km |
| water | 13 930 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 2 648 | km |
| Armenia (am) | 268 | km |
| Azerbaijan (az) | 9 | km |
| Bulgaria (bg) | 240 | km |
| Georgia (ge) | 252 | km |
| Greece (gr) | 206 | km |
| Iran (ir) | 499 | km |
| Iraq (iq) | 352 | km |
| Syria (sy) | 822 | km |
Coastline :
7200.00 km
Climate :
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain :
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 0 | metres |
| highest point | 5 166 | metres |
Natural resources :
| antimony | arable land |
| barite | borate |
| celestite | chromium |
| clay | coal |
| copper | emery |
| feldspar | gold |
| hydropower | iron ore |
| limestone | magnesite |
| marble | mercury |
| perlite | pumice |
| pyrites |
Land use :
| arable land | 29.81 | % |
| permanent crops | 3.39 | % |
| other | 66.80 | % |
Irrigated land :
52 150 square km
Total renewable water resources :
234 cubic km
Natural hazards :
| earthquakes |
current issues :
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
international agreements :
| Air Pollution | Antarctic Treaty |
| Biodiversity | Climate Change |
| Desertification | Endangered Species |
| Environmental Modification | Hazardous Wastes |
| Ozone Layer Protection | Ship Pollution |
| Wetlands |
Population :
76 805 524
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 1.31 | % |
| Birth rate | 18.66 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 2.21 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 6.10 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | 0.56 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 27.20 | % |
| 15-64 years | 66.70 | % |
| 65 years and over | 6.10 | % |
Median age :
| total | 27.70 | years |
| male | 27.40 | years |
| female | 28.10 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 1.02 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.84 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 1.02 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 25.78 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 71.96 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 70.12 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 73.89 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.10 | % |
Religions :
| Muslim | 99.80 | % |
| other | 0.20 | % |
Languages :
| Turkish | |
| Kurdish |
Literacy :
| total population | 87.40 | % |
| male | 95.30 | % |
| female | 79.60 | % |
Country name :
| conventional long form | Republic of Turkey |
| conventional short form | Turkey |
| local long form | Turkiye Cumhuriyeti |
| local short form | Turkiye |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | TR |
| ISO Numeric | 792 |
| ISO3 | TUR |
| FIPS | TU |
| ccTLD | tr |
| English | Turkey |
Administrative divisions :
81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Capital :
| name | Ankara |
| geographic coordinates | 39 56 N, 32 52 E |
| time difference | 2.00 |
| daylight saving time | 1 |
International organization participation :
| ADB (nonregional member) | Australia Group |
| BIS | BSEC |
| CE | CERN (observer) |
| CICA | D-8 |
| EAPC | EBRD |
| ECO | EU (applicant) |
| FAO | FATF |
| G-20 | IAEA |
| IBRD | ICAO |
| ICC | ICRM |
| IDA | IDB |
| IEA | IFAD |
| IFC | IFRCS |
| IHO | ILO |
| IMF | IMO |
| IMSO | IOC |
| IOM | IPU |
| ISO | ITSO |
| ITU | ITUC |
| Interpol | MIGA |
| MINURCAT | NATO |
| NEA | NSG |
| OAS (observer) | OECD |
| OIC | OPCW |
| OSCE | PCA |
| Paris Club (associate) | SECI |
| UN | UN Security Council (temporary) |
| UNCTAD | UNESCO |
| UNHCR | UNIDO |
| UNIFIL | UNMIS |
| UNOCI | UNRWA |
| UNWTO | UPU |
| WCO | WEU (associate) |
| WFTU | WHO |
| WIPO | WMO |
| WTO | ZC |
Independence :
1923-10-29
National holiday :
Republic Day
1923-10-29
Executive branch :
| President Abdullah GUL | Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN |
Legislative branch :
| AKP | 46.70 | % |
| CHP | 20.80 | % |
| MHP | 14.30 | % |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 859 800 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 608 000 000 000 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | -6.00 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 11 200 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 9.40 | % |
| industry | 25.90 | % |
| services | 64.70 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 29.50 | % |
| industry | 24.70 | % |
| services | 45.80 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 25 300 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 14.50 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 17.11 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 41.00 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 6.50 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 20.10 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | - 11 000 000 000 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 75 300 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 274 000 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | 14 300 000 000 | $ |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | 205 000 000 000 | $ |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | 117 900 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 5.30 | % of GDP |
| Public debt | 48.50 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 1.90 | % |
| highest 10% | 33.20 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 145 300 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 180 600 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| citrus | cotton |
| grain | hazelnuts |
| livestock | olives |
| pulses | sugar beets |
| tobacco |
Industries :
| automobiles | boron |
| chromate | construction |
| copper | electronics |
| food processing | mining |
| paper | petroleum |
| steel | textiles |
| timber |
Industrial production growth rate :
-11.80 %
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 198 400 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 198 100 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 1 120 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Imports | 790 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 43 040 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 631 800 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 149 100 | bbl/day |
| Oil Imports | 560 000 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 284 700 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 1 014 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 32 100 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Exports | 721 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Imports | 33 600 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 6 830 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
102 200 000 000 $
Partners :
| Germany (de) | 9.80 | % |
| France (fr) | 6.10 | % |
| Italy (it) | 5.80 | % |
| United Kingdom (gb) | 5.80 | % |
| Iraq (iq) | 5.00 | % |
Commodities :
| apparel | foodstuffs |
| metals and manufactures | textiles |
| transportation equipment |
Value :
140 800 000 000 $
Partners :
| Russia (ru) | 14.00 | % |
| Germany (de) | 10.00 | % |
| China (cn) | 9.00 | % |
| United States (us) | 6.10 | % |
| Italy (it) | 5.40 | % |
| France (fr) | 5.00 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | fuels |
| machinery | semi-finished products |
| transportation equipment |
Currency-code :
TRY
Currency-name :
Turkish lira
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 17 502 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 65 824 000 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 251 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | tr | |
| Internet Hosts | 2 961 000 | |
| Internet Users | 24 483 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 90 | |
| Heliports | 21 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 10 630 | km |
| Pipelines - oil | 3 636 | km |
| Roadways - total | 426 951 | km |
| Roadways - expressways | 1 987 | km |
| Railways | 8 697 | km |
| Waterways | 1 200 | km |
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